Global Effort of Improving Health Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Effort of Improving Health. Answer: Issue The World Health Organization (WHO) has published estimation that one-third of the global population has no access to the medicines they require. It has been found that improved access to the vital medicines would advance the global effort of improving health in the developing part of the world and for tackling key diseases like tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria. It is one of the considerations of WHO that fair access to safe and inexpensive medicines is fundamental for the achievement of the best possible health standard by everyone. In this context, the issue of medicine supply in developing countries is a major concern (WHO | Access to Medicines, 2017). Background In the public sector of lower and middle income countries (LMIC), the average availability of generic medicines is just 38%, whereas, the private sector availability is higher, with an average of 64% (Leisinger, Garabedian Wagner, 2012). However, the medicines of private pharmacies are not affordable. In developing countries, medicines build a huge economic burden on the healthcare systems and households, owing to the consumption of 25-65% of the total private and public health expenditure and 60-90% of the health expenditure in households (Leisinger, Garabedian Wagner, 2012). Progressively more, demands are being put on the pharmaceutical industry for contributing towards the improvement of the access to medicines for the poor patients in the LMICs. Of the Millennium Development Goals, three of them are directly focusing on health issues reduction in child mortality, improvement in maternal health and combating malaria, HIV/AIDS and other diseases (Roffe, 2012). Current Status The WHO considers that in the developing countries, unacceptably low health outcomes are the result of the failure of health systems. The concern is that governments of most of the developing countries are spending majority of their resources on other sectors instead of health and education, and whatever little is applied are either wasted or misallocated due to politics or corruption. Despite international dedication and unprecedented donor support, efforts for improving access to medicines require a vast amount of improvement. In 2014 and 2015, the global drug spending increased by 9%, outpacing both the economic growth and overall health expenses (Moon, 2017). The highlight is that for long what the LMICs has been facing till date, the concern has reached the high income countries too. Inadequate innovation and unaffordable medicines have turned into global issues. Similar to climate change, they are in need of international cooperation and public policies. Key Considerations According to WHO (WHO | Access to non communicable diseases medicines, 2017) every year nearly 35 million people die because of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Approximately 80% of this happens in the LMICs, which could have been avoided if they were treated with essential medicines. Unfortunately, the situation is generally poor in majority of the LMICs in terms of access to these chronic disease medicines. Approximately a decade ago, the crisis in medicine access pushed the elevation of infectious diseases towards being a foreign policy issue and became the reason for the mobilization of billions in global health support (Bollyky, 2013). On the other hand, trade liberalization can have both a positive and negative influence on the access to medicines. It promotes transfer of goods and services, technologies and investments that can advance the access of medicines directly by expanding access. However, the benefits gets contested by displayed disparities in economic growth related to trade and investments, exacerbated income disparities within countries and increased fiscal and food insecurity. In place of public health protections, trade liberalization also acts as a crucial upstream deciding factor of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide today (Ebrahim et al., 2013). Trade liberalization is a driver of NCDs via two major pathways. The first is that it can facilitate the global diffusion of risky commodities that causes NCDs in the first place, like tobacco, alcohol and processed food across international borders. Transnational risk commodity corporati ons (TRCCs) manufacture, market and distribute these kinds of commodities on an international level and is considered as a key mechanism. Instead of helping with providing access to medicines for essential treatment, trade liberalization allows the TRCCs rapid movement of investments, production capacity, technologies, raw materials and final products across borders, driving consumption of risky commodities. Moreover, trade liberalization even supports the intellectual property rights of transnational pharmaceutical organizations and TRCCs. It potentially restrains the access to medicine and technologies that are used for the deterrence or cure of NCDs. The LMICs have the greatest need for NCD related essential medications (Baker, Kay Walls, 2014). The main reason behind the lack of access to medicines are multiple, however, the elevated prices are a huge barrier to required treatment. The World Trade Organization Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement provides 20 years of patent protection for pharmaceuticals and additionally counts in safeguarding options like compulsory licensing for making sure countries get the chance to override patents in cases where they become a barrier to the access of medications. The Millennium Development Goal No. 6 acknowledges the need to combat malaria, HIV/AIDS and other diseases, and goal 8E addresses the need for improving the accessibility of inexpensive medicines for the worlds poor. The access is not adequate in developing countries though (Hogerzeil et al., 2013). Majority of the Australians in some way have interacted with NCDs they either had it themselves or knew someone who has. This has taken place despite of the country taking great strides in the direction of facing and tackling these diseases. Smoking related diseases have been controlled with the help of advertising, heavy tobacco taxes and changing mindsets regarding passive smoking. Due to this control, improved medical treatments and dietary improvements, large numbers of deaths that could have happened due to heart disease and stroke was taken care of. Even though the health system in Australia is not perfect, it is still much better than a lot of other countries. Australia has public education programs too, that have made such a big difference. However, the attention still falls short in terms of funding, health policy and program implementation for effective prevention (Moodie, Tolhurst Martin, 2016). To further assist in better access to medicines, the Australian delegation can speak up regarding what they have learnt about in their fight against NCDs and the non-availability of medicines. There needs to be efforts to reduce the population in Asia and Pacific who because of NCD have lost their eyesight. These conditions have had a greater negative impact than many other conditions, both communicable and non-communicable. For better access of medicines, first there is a need of intervention by extremely qualified health practitioner to make sure proper use is done of the medicines. The state and territory government with the pharmaceutical industry must cooperate to take up responsibility of the regulatory arrangements of essential medicines. A cooperative action must continue to ensure efficient, modern registration and schedules that are consistent with the community interest and best practice principles (Department of Health | National Medicines Policy Document, 2014). Options WHOs Ex-Director General, Margaret Chan opined that essential medicines can act as interventions, and if they are used properly can even save millions of lives each year and trim down needless suffering. It is already proven that mortality and morbidity can be reduced with the help of good governance, smart resource spending in accordance with the real needs, and good health requires medicine. A moral imperative exists that equal distribution of resources for the improvement of medicinal access for the needy and vulnerable. Governments have the option of taking the step of facilitating noteworthy progress in the direction of development of medicinal access, even if there are budget restraints, such as abolishment of sales tax, import tariffs and duties on medicines. In some instances, capacity and efficacy in the public sector are low and adoption of strategies placing huge workload on public institutions might prove to be detrimental. It is the shared responsibility of the pharmaceu tical industry, international community and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to improve the access to medicines. The international community can attempt coordination, concentrate on improving health systems over vertical programs and evaluating the different required and unnecessary effects of interventions. NGOs need to be given better opportunities so that they can contribute to the achievement of the global health goals. NGOs can campaign for increased and better-coordinated health care resources and promotion of sustainable health systems. It is the responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry to the provision of success to essential and affordable drugs in the LMICs (Leppo et al., 2013). Conclusion Proper actions and effective mechanisms to make sure the access to medicine is possible assist in the quality and proper use of those medicines. It is the responsibility of a Minister for Health to make sure misuse and misallocation of essential medicines does not happen. WHOs ultimate goal of providing access to everyone on this planet of medicines is the only way to avoid such life harming disease like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. The current problem of access to medicines can be solved somewhat by reviewing the existing practices and incorporating the suggested steps. References Baker, P., Kay, A., Walls, H. (2014). Trade and investment liberalization and Asias noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature.Globalization and health,10(1), 66. Bollyky, T. J. (2013). Access to drugs for treatment of noncommunicable diseases.PLoS medicine,10(7), e1001485. Department of Health | National Medicines Policy Document. (2014).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/national-medicines-policy Ebrahim, S., Pearce, N., Smeeth, L., Casas, J. P., Jaffar, S., Piot, P. (2013). Tackling non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries: is the evidence from high-income countries all we need?.PLoS medicine,10(1), e1001377. Hogerzeil, H. V., Liberman, J., Wirtz, V. J., Kishore, S. P., Selvaraj, S., Kiddell-Monroe, R., ... Lancet NCD Action Group. (2013). Promotion of access to essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: practical implications of the UN political declaration.The Lancet,381(9867), 680-689. Leisinger, K. M., Garabedian, L. F., Wagner, A. K. (2012). Improving access to medicines in low and middle income countries: corporate responsibilities in context.Southern med review,5(2), 3. Leppo, K., Ollila, E., Pena, S., Wismar, M., Cook, S. (2013).Health in all policies-seizing opportunities, implementing policies. Sosiaali-ja terveysministeri. Moodie, A. R., Tolhurst, P., Martin, J. E. (2016). Australias health: being accountable for prevention.Med J Aust,204(6), 223-225. Moon, S. (2017).Powerful Ideas for Global Access to Medicines NEJM.New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1613861#t=article Roffe, P. (2012).Negotiating health: Intellectual property and access to medicines. Earthscan. WHO | Access to Medicines. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.who.int/publications/10-year-review/medicines/en/ WHO | Access to non communicable diseases medicines. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/access_noncommunicable/en/

Performance Management Hearts and Minds

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Managementfor Hearts and Minds. Answer: Introduction An important method of developing the companys employees is to adopt a well-executed and comprehensive performance managing systems. Elements such as performance appraisals and one-time meetings can be employed to manage underperformance in the business. Performance management is an all-encompassing and well-established term which describes the practices driving decision making about employee performance. The practice is far much broader than just disciplinary processes and staff performance appraisals. The method aim at improving the organizational performance through improvement of individual and team performance. Performance management processes which are valid measure the progress a company makes towards achieving its business objectives. It accomplishes this through proper planning, establishment, monitor and evaluates individual and team performance. The practice of performance management in cooperates job descriptions, the recruitment methods, training, disciplinary methods, c areer plans, benefits, compensations, and performance appraisals. Performance management is a process a business can put in place to maintain its competitive advantage in the vibrant economic environment. This process will ensure that a company achieves its strategic goals while meeting the needs of the stakeholders and will impact directly on the organization's ability to grow in the long term. Many people tend to disagree that companies and businesses should provide its employees with a conducive environment that supports a worker can improve in skills and grow their career, this may be true, but I am of the contrary opinion. A favorable environment increases employee productivity, the key issue to remember is that a business has its goals and objectives which it formulates during the formulation of the organization's overall strategy and goals (Kramar et al., 2014). A companys goal is to maximize profits in many instances, and a conducive environment is one of the strategic goals a company should have in mind when developing strategies. Providing a conducive working environment has its benefits to business, your workforce is motivated into doing their duties to help the company achieve its strategic objectives. Employee morale is always an issue in many businesses and providing a conducive environment is one method that can be used as a way of ensuring employees are motiv ated. A conducive work environment improves productivity and efficiency since instances of accidents are reduced to a minimum, and as a business, you deal with a healthy workforce. A conducive environment is not only beneficial to employees only but also to the management. Communication between the managers and the workforce is improved. An organization should remember not to focus too much on the employee and forget their goals because employees shift jobs every time they get a better offer somewhere else. Performance based pay has not always been the best method to motivate an employee. First, it is true that an employee is in employment to earn wages which are used to maintain their lives, and that of their families money is a source of empowerment to many people, and ability to make more is everyones wish. Business owners who are not in a position to reward hard working employees with a permanent pay rise usually use this method of performance-based pay to reward the workers with bonuses and sharing profits without straining the finances of their business. However, this approach has been found not to be effective. Though performance-based pay influences the attitudes of workers positively, the method has been determined to put more stress on employees to the extent that is likely to negate its beneficial effects. Employees involved in this particular arrangement feel they are encouraged to work hard and may decrease their job satisfaction. The stress is also likely to lower the prod uctivity of workers. Employees who are hardworking deserve monetary appreciation which should be a long-term plan such as pay increases because, given a better offer somewhere else, they are likely to leave your company (Katzenbach, 2001). Fast food franchise is always demanding for employees to be at their level best. Serving of a large number of customers is always a daunting task to workers. To achieve the best from your staff, in this case, enrich and empower your employees. Job rotation, in this instance, is vital to avoid burnout which lowers productivity of employees. This practice has been tested to be the most sufficient methods of reducing employees complaints and keeping their mind fresh from the daily routines such as in this case the daily routine of serving long queues of customers. The benefits of engaging the employees in job rotation are that it has a positive impact on the job satisfaction, people engagement and retention. References Katzenbach, J 2001, Peak performance: aligning the hearts and minds of your employees, Harvard Press, New York. Kramar, R, Bartram, T, Cieri, H, Raymond, A, Gerhart BWright P (2014) Human Resource Management in Australia 5 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill

Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Tips

Compare and Contrast Essay Writing TipsCompare and contrast is one of the most common online essay writing tips. The aim of the comparison and contrast process is to analyze an essay that is already written and find its main points of similarity or contrast with others.Use a number of things as tools in comparing and contrasting. There are a number of things you can compare. The first thing that you should do is to compare and contrast the topic of the essay. This is because you want to find an essay that has a theme is whatever is the main aspect of the essay.The next thing that you need to check when you want to compare and contrast is the main topic of the essay. You want to know what the main focus of the essay is because this is what will differentiate your essay from other essays.The next thing that you should use when you want to compare and contrast is to check the format of the essay. Look for a variety of formats to look for the style and the preference of the student. Look for the type of essay that appeals to the student. It could be scientific, academic, philosophical, creative, technical, etc.The fourth thing that you should check in your essay is its form. What is the structure of the essay? Are the sentences easy to read and understand?How is the writing style similar to other essay writers? How does the style of the writing make the reader feel as if they were reading a book? These are some of the things that you need to see in a writer.Also, it is important to find out what the style of the essay is like and is different from others. In order to do this, look for a sample essay that is similar to yours. Also, look for a number of samples so that you can compare and contrast. You do not have to compare and contrast every single essay.

Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official

Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking the IB Chemistry exam will be a nerve-wracking experience, but having seen a real IB past paper before taking the actual test will be a huge advantage since you'll have experience with the test format, the length, and style of the test. In this article, I will show you where to find IB Chemistry past papers, both free and paid. I'll also share tips on how to study most effectively using these IB Chemistry past papers. Where to Find Free Tests The IB has been diligent about seeking out and destroying illegally uploaded official papers for the past few years, so a lot of sources that used to be out there are no longer readily available. Currently, the only free official IB Chemistry test legally available is this Chemistry HL paper 3. I have not been able to find any unofficial IB Chemistry past papers (ones created from scratch). If you find any, I strongly advise AGAINST using them, as they may be nothing like the actual IB Chemistry papers. Where to Find Paid Tests The IBO store sells IB Chemistry SL and HL past papers from May 2015 to November 2018. Navigate to the Diploma Program page, then click "Shop Exam Papers" to see all available papers, which can be narrowed by category and time frame. This is the only safe place to get IB Chemistry past papers to download. Each paper and each mark scheme costs $3.00. Buying all of the past papers and mark schemes can be costly, so if you are looking to spend as little as possible, I recommend just purchasing the most recent (November and May 2018) past papers as they will be closest to what you learned. 3 Tips for Using IB Chemistry Past Papers Productively Since each practice IB Chemistry exam will take you 3 hours for SL or 4.5 hours for HL, it's imperative that you get the most out of each test. Here are a few helpful practices to keep in mind when you're taking these papers: #1: Complete papers 1 and 2 in one sitting. The IB Chemistry SL and IB Chemistry HL papers are intense, forcing you to sit and concentrate for two hours for SL and 3 hours and 15 minutes for HL. You need to build up your mental strength so you don't make careless errors by the end of paper 2. By taking the practice tests in one session, you build up your mental strength in preparation for the real test. If you don't have time for a 2 hour or 3 hour 15 minute session, then you can take each paper on separate days. However, you need to obey the next rule: #2: Stick to the exact timing on each part of the exam. It is VERY IMPORTANT that you get used to the stressful timing of this test: IB Chemistry SL: IB Chemistry SL Paper 1- 45 minutes IB Chemistry SL Paper 2- 1 hour 15 minutes IB Chemistry SL Paper 3- 1 hour IB Chemistry HL: IB Chemistry HL Paper 1- 1 hour IB Chemistry HL Paper 2- 2 hours 15 minutes IB Chemistry HL Paper 3- 1 hour 15 minutes In this allotted time, you need to finish: IB Chemistry SL: Paper 1: 30 multiple-choice questions Paper 2: two parts, Section A: answer all of four short responses and Section B: pick one essay question (you choose between three options) Paper 3: Answer all of the questions for your two options: six short response questions that each can have between 2-5 parts IB Chemistry HL: Paper 1: 40 multiple-choice questions Paper 2: two parts, Section A: answer all of four short response questions that each can have between 3-10 parts and Section B: pick two essay questions (you choose between four options) Paper 3: Answer all of the questions for your two options: seven or more short response and essay questions (varies based on the options that you covered in your class) Do not practice with extra time- if you give yourself extra time, you can complete more questions and increase your score. We want to use these practice tests as realistic predictors of your exam score. #3: Check your answers. After you complete a practice exam, you need to review every error you made. Do not skip this step. If you do, you will not learn from your errors, and you will make the same ones on the IB Chemistry test. So make sure to spend at least 1.5 hours reviewing every full practice tests. This may seem like a lot of time, but emphasize quality of learning over quantity of learning. I'd rather see you take two tests with meticulous review than five tests with no review. What’s Next? Need help reviewing some chemistry concepts? Read up on how to balance chemical equations here. Learn more about IB Chemistry: The Complete IB Chemistry Syllabus: SL and HL The Best IB Chemistry Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL The Best IB Chemistry Books, Reviewed Looking for ways to apply your chemistry knowledge to your everyday life? Get three different recipes for making your own slime and learn how to (safely) use muriatic acid to clean household items. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Pronouncing Words That End in -lm

Pronouncing Words That End in -lm Pronouncing Words That End in -lm Pronouncing Words That End in -lm By Maeve Maddox Not many one-syllable English words end in the letters -lm. Sometimes the l in them is pronounced; sometimes it isnt. Heres a list of the most common -lm words, together with the pronunciation in the phonetic notation given at Answers.com. Many Americans pronounce all of these words with an l. alms [mz] balm [bm] calm [km] elm [Ä•lm] embalm[Ä•m-bm] film [fÄ ­lm] helm [hÄ•lm] palm [pm] psalm [sm] qualm [kwm] realm [rÄ•lm] whelm [hwÄ•lm] These pronunciations all agree with those given in the OED. Additionally, the OED acknowledges U.S. pronunciations with the sound of l for palm, psalm, and qualm. Merriam-Webster uses the symbol ] to indicate a sound that facilitates the placement of variant pronunciation. For example, ï ¿ ¼]mz. This symbol, which seems to indicate an almost l, is used for the first pronunciation given for alms, balm, calm, embalm, palm, psalm, and qualm. The pronunciation with a full l sound is given as an alternate: also ]lm. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?How Long Should a Paragraph Be?When to use "an"

Emergency Management 670 week 7 Conference Essay

Emergency Management 670 week 7 Conference - Essay Example In the future, emergency managers will need to develop a region wide approach to emergency management, implement interoperable GIS technologies and protect key infrastructure in the communities. Effective emergency managers need some skills and traits in order to effectively manage the unforeseen disaster. Some of the skills include risk assessment skills, mitigation planning, and ability to work with the communities in preparedness through periodic drills. According to Drabek’s study of 1987, effective emergency managers should have salient traits such as anticipating disasters, exhibition of professionalism, being community mentors, reconciliatory traits, the knowledge of extend of authority and ordinance based powers and doing anything possible to protect and preserve the safety of the community. The National Academy of Sciences study of emergency management concluded that efficient emergency managers need critical future skills such as grasp of the public administration and budgeting skills. It also made it clear that understanding of HAZUS software and improvement warnings and communications was essential for emergency managers. The study concluded that emergency managers should improve the use of social media and acquire higher education on risk assessment and preparedness skills (Langberg, 2010). The study also suggested that emergency managers should be more regionally focused and share best practices in emergency management in order to enhance the response capabilities of the first responders. The National Academy of Sciences study also proposed the better use of GIS and other software technologies in identifying and responding to emergencies. On the other hand, International Association of Emergency managers (IAEM) recently announced that the emergency managers should be compressive, risk-driven, progressive, inclusive, collaborative, professional, coordinated and flexible in response to

Macro8C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro8C - Essay Example In order to close this gap, the governments needs to take some expansionary fiscal policy i.e. increase government spending and/or reduce taxes. If only government spending is to be considered, At the end of your presentation, the president decides that any change in government expenditures would be politically unpopular at the moment, so she asks you how she might solve the same problem with a tax change instead. What change in taxation will you recommend? Be specific and show all of your work. Since there is a recessionary gap, the government would need to reduce the taxes. An increase in tax would mean lesser income available to spend. As the goal is to increase aggregate demand, taxes would need to be reduced. Cutting taxes will increase disposable income, which will stimulate consumption with multiplier effects & expanding output and employment. This implies that taxes need to be reduced by an amount of $ 500 in order to close the recessionary gap. So, it takes a larger deficit to get the same stimulus with a tax cut than it would with increased government spending. Suppose that a balanced budget amendment forces the president to match each dollar increase in government spending with an equal offsetting dollar increase in taxation, and each dollar decrease in federal spending with an equal decrease in taxes. Would fiscal policy be weakened, or even rendered useless, by such a law? Why or why not? The fiscal policy is not rendered useless as there is still change in GDP. If we look at the overall effect, the balanced budget multiplier allows us to close the gap without an increased deficit or decreased surplus. If, however, the recessionary gap to be closed is large, it would imply that the government needs to increase spending by a large amount, and also increase taxes by an equally large amount. This may not be very popular with the people and the government may be reluctant to enforce such a measure due to political